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As the experts in physical risk, we’re here to share our latest insights and analysis in the rapidly evolving world of climate physical risk.

Climate-proofing your next home and Virginia Trioli serves a bit on the side
Climate-proofing your next home and Virginia Trioli serves a bit on the side
In the news

Climate-proofing your next home and Virginia Trioli serves a bit on the side

With climate change posed to wreak greater havoc in the decades to come, Australians are being urged to think before they buy (or rent). But how can prospective homebuyers and renters access information about flood, fire and erosion risks for prospective properties?
October 1, 2024
XDI Launches XDI Climate Risk Hub: A New Platform for On-Demand Physical Climate Risk Analysis
XDI Launches XDI Climate Risk Hub: A New Platform for On-Demand Physical Climate Risk Analysis
Media releases

XDI Launches XDI Climate Risk Hub: A New Platform for On-Demand Physical Climate Risk Analysis

XDI is today launching the XDI Climate Risk Hub from New York Climate Week, an innovative platform that provides on-demand, physical climate risk analysis for financial institutions, companies, and governments worldwide.
The XDI team
September 23, 2024
International Climate Technology Leaders, XDI and Vyzrd, in an Industry Defining Partnership
International Climate Technology Leaders, XDI and Vyzrd, in an Industry Defining Partnership
Media releases

International Climate Technology Leaders, XDI and Vyzrd, in an Industry Defining Partnership

XDI (Cross Dependency Initiative) and Vyzrd have partnered to combine XDI’s industry leading physical risk data with Vyzrd’s integrated climate risk platform to provide a powerful solution to measure, manage and mitigate both physical and transition climate risks at an asset, company or portfolio level.
September 20, 2024
ABC 730 report: Experts say updated flood zone modelling could leave some homes ‘uninsurable'
ABC 730 report: Experts say updated flood zone modelling could leave some homes ‘uninsurable'
In the news

ABC 730 report: Experts say updated flood zone modelling could leave some homes ‘uninsurable'

"Nine hundred property owners in one inner-city suburb have just been told they live in a flood zone, news that is expected to have big implications for property prices and insurance premiums."
June 13, 2024
South China Morning Post: China’s extreme weather raises alarm about the country’s disaster insurance gaps
South China Morning Post: China’s extreme weather raises alarm about the country’s disaster insurance gaps
In the news

South China Morning Post: China’s extreme weather raises alarm about the country’s disaster insurance gaps

"Extreme weather triggered is setting off alarm bells in China’s insurance sector, the world’s second largest, which urgently needs more financial tools to mitigate risks from the economic damage wreaked by the growing incidents of droughts, floods and landslides across the country."
July 22, 2024
Realty +: Australia & New Zealand Property Markets Face Climate Risk
Realty +: Australia & New Zealand Property Markets Face Climate Risk

Realty +: Australia & New Zealand Property Markets Face Climate Risk

"Policymakers, researchers and property experts warn climate change is a risk that home buyers in Australia and New Zealand have not priced in as they pursue lifestyles near the water or bushland or seek simply to get onto the property ladder."
July 5, 2024
Bangkok Post: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at high risk from climate change
Bangkok Post: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at high risk from climate change
In the news

Bangkok Post: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at high risk from climate change

"SINGAPORE - Nearly one in ten properties owned by leading real estate investment trusts (REITs) in the Asia-Pacific region may be at "high risk" of damage from climate change, particularly in coastal regions, a report published on Wednesday showed."
May 22, 2024
Reuters: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at 'high risk' from climate change, consultancy says
Reuters: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at 'high risk' from climate change, consultancy says
In the news

Reuters: Asia-Pacific real estate assets at 'high risk' from climate change, consultancy says

"Nearly one in ten properties owned by leading real estate investment trusts (REITs) in the Asia-Pacific region may be at "high risk" of damage from climate change, particularly in coastal regions, a report published on Wednesday showed."
May 22, 2024
Wired: Banks Are Finally Realizing What Climate Change Will Do to Housing
Wired: Banks Are Finally Realizing What Climate Change Will Do to Housing
In the news

Wired: Banks Are Finally Realizing What Climate Change Will Do to Housing

"Extreme weather threatens the investment value of many properties, but financing for climate mitigation efforts are only just getting going."
June 17, 2024
XDI partners with Climate Arc and University of Oxford on physical risk and adaptation
XDI partners with Climate Arc and University of Oxford on physical risk and adaptation
Media releases

XDI partners with Climate Arc and University of Oxford on physical risk and adaptation

We’re thrilled to be collaborating with the Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, to expand Climate Arc’s suite of offerings into the physical risk and adaptation space.
July 3, 2024
XDI delivers Physical Risk Assessment Platform to banks in Hong Kong
XDI delivers Physical Risk Assessment Platform to banks in Hong Kong
Media releases

XDI delivers Physical Risk Assessment Platform to banks in Hong Kong

Authorized Institutions (AIs) in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HK SAR) can now access instant, on demand physical climate risk analysis thanks to a new platform launched today.
May 29, 2024
How risky is your real estate investment? New report exposes APAC REIT vulnerability to climate change extreme weather
How risky is your real estate investment? New report exposes APAC REIT vulnerability to climate change extreme weather
Media releases

How risky is your real estate investment? New report exposes APAC REIT vulnerability to climate change extreme weather

Up to 1 in 10 properties owned by APAC real estate investment trusts (REITs) could be at high risk of damage from extreme weather and climate change by 2050, according to the 2024 XDI APAC Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) Physical Climate Risk Report, released today by XDI (Cross Dependency Initiative) - a global leader in physical climate risk analysis.
May 21, 2024
2024 XDI Asia-Pacific  Real Estate Investment Trust Physical Climate Risk Report
2024 XDI Asia-Pacific Real Estate Investment Trust Physical Climate Risk Report
Data releases

2024 XDI Asia-Pacific Real Estate Investment Trust Physical Climate Risk Report

The 2024 XDI APAC REIT Physical Climate Risk Report analyses 2,134 assets held by the 20 largest (by market capitalisation) REITs in Japan, Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong to provide a snapshot of climate change risks to global real estate investments. It also ranks these 20 REITs - who have a combined market capitalisation value of more than US$142 billion - according to their physical climate risk.
The XDI team
May 22, 2024
Why now is the time to embrace adaptation (and how you can get started)
Why now is the time to embrace adaptation (and how you can get started)
Blog posts

Why now is the time to embrace adaptation (and how you can get started)

Prioritising climate adaptation is not just an environmental imperative but a strategic economic decision.
The XDI team
March 12, 2024
2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Report
2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Report
Data releases

2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Report

The XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk dataset is a direct response to demand from investors for data on sub-sovereign and regional risk. The capability and results provide a new level of detail and sophistication in physical climate risk analysis that can be used to consider the effect of climate change extreme weather on sovereign, sub-sovereign and corporate debt, and builds on growing concern about these issues raised by the global finance sector.
The XDI team
March 1, 2024
XDI Hurricane and Tropical Cyclone Analysis
XDI Hurricane and Tropical Cyclone Analysis
Media releases

XDI Hurricane and Tropical Cyclone Analysis

New global analysis by XDI has identified regions around the world vulnerable to significant damage from tropical cyclones and hurricanes, as stronger winds fueled by climate change push further towards the poles into areas previously considered low risk.
The XDI team
December 14, 2023
 Hospitals in the eye of the storm: New report exposes risk of hospital shutdowns from extreme weather
Hospitals in the eye of the storm: New report exposes risk of hospital shutdowns from extreme weather
Media releases

Hospitals in the eye of the storm: New report exposes risk of hospital shutdowns from extreme weather

1 in 12 hospitals around the world could face partial or total shutdown from climate change extreme weather events if countries fail to curb fossil fuel emissions, according to a new report released today by XDI (Cross Dependency Analysis) - a global leader in physical climate risk analysis.
December 2, 2023
2023 XDI Global Hospital Infrastructure Physical Climate Risk Report
2023 XDI Global Hospital Infrastructure Physical Climate Risk Report
Data releases

2023 XDI Global Hospital Infrastructure Physical Climate Risk Report

XDI has analysed over 200,000 hospitals around the world for risk of damage from 6 different climate change hazards from 1990 until the end of the century. The risk arising from two different emissions scenarios (i) RCP 8.5 (around 4.3 ºC) and RCP 2.6 (1.8 ºC or under) was compared. The analysis was published ahead of the inaugural Health Day at the COP28 UN Climate Conference.
December 3, 2023
Alphabet soup: deciphering physical climate risk disclosure
Alphabet soup: deciphering physical climate risk disclosure
Blog posts

Alphabet soup: deciphering physical climate risk disclosure

TCFD, ISSB, SEC, EFRAG. For companies navigating their climate risk environment, the initialisations can seem like a bewildering foreign language. What you have to assess, report and disclose, and when, differs depending on your jurisdiction, your size, your industry. So what’s the best approach?
May 9, 2023
Sovereign bond risk: the climate punch
Sovereign bond risk: the climate punch
Blog posts

Sovereign bond risk: the climate punch

This week, a triple A-rated federal government was forced to acknowledge the potential risks of climate change on the value of sovereign bonds as it settled a landmark case that alleged it had misled or deceived investors. The Federal Court judge involved said global warming would likely be “a huge drain on (government) resources.”
October 19, 2023
XDI Announces Climate Risk Data on 34 million UK Addresses to Support Mortgage Lenders
XDI Announces Climate Risk Data on 34 million UK Addresses to Support Mortgage Lenders
Media releases

XDI Announces Climate Risk Data on 34 million UK Addresses to Support Mortgage Lenders

International climate change risk analysts XDI – The Cross Dependency Initiative – today released extreme weather and climate change physical risk statistics for all 34 million commercial and residential addresses in the UK. The report presents physical climate risk statistics including the geographical concentration of high-risk properties and the projected increases in insurance costs for 406 counties and equivalent areas.
November 4, 2021
XDI releases world-first comparison of every state’s physical climate risk
XDI releases world-first comparison of every state’s physical climate risk
Media releases

XDI releases world-first comparison of every state’s physical climate risk

The engine rooms of the global economy are among states and provinces most at risk from climate change and extreme weather according to a new ranking of the physical climate risk of every state, province and territory in the world released today by XDI (The Cross Dependency Initiative) – a world leader in physical climate risk analysis.
February 20, 2023
“Before getting overwhelmed” - the Indian Federal Reserve’s clear eye on climate risk
“Before getting overwhelmed” - the Indian Federal Reserve’s clear eye on climate risk
Blog posts

“Before getting overwhelmed” - the Indian Federal Reserve’s clear eye on climate risk

“India seems to be at the watermark of climate change – rather than single events, it is the increased frequency of extreme weather occurrences that is breaking the back of our capability to cope with natural disasters.” Reserve Bank of India, May 2023.
May 23, 2023
Ready or not: Mandatory disclosure is coming to Australia
Ready or not: Mandatory disclosure is coming to Australia
Media releases

Ready or not: Mandatory disclosure is coming to Australia

Australia is in the process of catching up to New Zealand, Europe and the United States in adopting a mandatory disclosure regime for climate change risk.
March 7, 2023
The unknown unknowns: The crucial missing piece from both climate and nature disclosure rules
The unknown unknowns: The crucial missing piece from both climate and nature disclosure rules
Blog posts

The unknown unknowns: The crucial missing piece from both climate and nature disclosure rules

Dark matter outweighs visible matter roughly six to one. That makes the universe only slightly more mysterious to us than the biodiversity of our own planet – it’s been estimated that we have likely only encountered and named 20 percent of the species on Earth.
August 2, 2023
The Hub is coming
The Hub is coming
Blog posts

The Hub is coming

Take control: Expert knowledge in your hands. The XDI Climate Risk Hub provides world-leading physical climate risk analysis at your fingertips, so you can access the information you need, when you need it.
August 1, 2023
A new era in physical climate risk reporting?
A new era in physical climate risk reporting?
Blog posts

A new era in physical climate risk reporting?

The much anticipated release last week of the final climate-related disclosure standard from the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) marks the beginning of a new chapter in corporate disclosure of climate change risk.
June 29, 2023
Uninsurable future?
Uninsurable future?
Blog posts

Uninsurable future?

“We’re steadily marching toward an uninsurable future, not just in California but throughout the United States,” former California insurance commissioner, to Vox, June 2023.
June 21, 2023

XDI Launches XDI Climate Risk Hub: A New Platform for On-Demand Physical Climate Risk Analysis

XDI is today launching the XDI Climate Risk Hub from New York Climate Week, an innovative platform that provides on-demand, physical climate risk analysis for financial institutions, companies, and governments worldwide.

XDI Launches XDI Climate Risk Hub: A New Platform for On-Demand Physical Climate Risk Analysis
xdi graphics

Our latest data release

At XDI, we believe that data needs to be in the hands of those who will use it to drive change, including citizens and civil society organisations. We release information publicly to generate debate and increase understanding.

2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Report

PUBLIC DATA RELEASE

Climate change and sovereign risk

The 2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Dataset ranks over 2,600 jurisdictions around the world in 2050 according to modelled projections of damage to the built environment from extreme weather and climate change including from flooding, forest fires and sea level rise. It also identifies which of these jurisdictions see the greatest escalation of modelled damage from 1990 to 2050.

This is the first time there has been a physical climate risk analysis focused exclusively on the built environment, comparing every state, province and territory in the world. Since extensive built infrastructure generally overlaps with high levels of economic activity and capital value it is imperative that the physical risk of climate change is appropriately understood and priced.

The XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk comparison of physical climate risk for 2050 found:

  • Two of China’s largest sub-national economies – Jiangsu and Shandong – top the global ranking, in first and second place. Over half of the provinces in the global top 50 are in China.
  • After China, the US has the most high-risk states with 18 states in the top 100. Florida is the highest-ranking US state, followed by California and Texas.
  • Together, China, India and the US make up over half the states and provinces in the top 100.
  • Other highly-developed and globally-significant economic hubs in the top 100 include Buenos Aires, São Paolo, Jakarta, Beijing, Hồ Chí Minh City, Taiwan and Mumbai.
  • Australia, Belgium, Italy, Canada and Germany also have states and provinces in the top 100.
  • South East Asia experiences the greatest escalation in damage from 1990 to 2050 anywhere in the world.
  • Globally, most damage is caused by riverine and surface flooding or flooding combined with coastal inundation.

Top 50 states and provinces ranked by aggregated risk from climate change hazards in 2050 under RCP8.5

NOTE: entities not on this list are not “low risk.” There are many states and provinces facing high risk from extreme weather climate change hazards not appearing at the top of this ranking due to their lower number of residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

Asia Overview

Asia dominates the list of provinces at risk by Aggregated Damage Ratio, with more than half (114) of the top 200 in 2050 in this region.

Key Findings:

  • More than a quarter (54) of these are in
    East Asia: 29 in China, 20 in Japan and 4 in South Korea.
  • 36 of the top 200 are in South East Asia, notably Vietnam and Indonesia.
  • South Asia has 24 of the top 200. After China, India has the highest number of states in the top 50 (9), with Punjab, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Assam ranking highest. Pakistan also has multiple provinces in the top 100, including Sindh province. Devastating flooding between June and August 2022 affected 30 per cent of the area of Pakistan and has partially or fully damaged more than 900,000 houses in Sindh province.
  • East Asia and South East Asia see the greatest increase in Average Damage between 1990 and 2050, and China in particular has many provinces with the greatest overall Aggregated Damage Ratio. This increase and overall risk to the built environment in 2050 is driven predominately by sea level rise and secondarily by flooding risk” in the Asia section should read “by flooding and coastal inundation.
  • The analysis highlights the vulnerability of major cities in East Asia and South East Asia including Jakarta, Beijing, Hồ Chí Minh City and Taiwan.

China

China has 29 states in the top 100 in 2050 and 26 of these are in the top 50. Globally, the Chinese provinces Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Guangdong and Henan have the highest results for Aggregated Damage Ratio in 2050 of any of the provinces and territories in this analysis. This is because these provinces are large, they host extensive industrial, trade, residential and commercial development and are exposed to coastal sea level rise and riverine and surface flooding.

Key Findings:

  • The top two most at-risk provinces in the world in 2050 are two of the largest economies in China – Jiangsu and Shandong. Each has a relatively diverse economy worth over a trillion US dollars.
  • The economy of Jiangsu is highly developed and hinges on finance, education, technology and tourism as well as irrigated agriculture. Coastal Jiangsu on the Yangtze River Delta is already subjected to typhoons and in the last five years has experienced extreme flooding that has disrupted agricultural production and affected millions of people. China has invested significant capital in the building of sea walls and river floodgates in this province.
  • Shandong province on the Yellow River is home to over 100 million people and is China’s third largest province by GDP and an important agricultural and industrial centre. Like much of eastern China, Shandong is subject to frequent flooding. Several catastrophic flooding events have occurred this century, including in 2022, against the backdrop of an overall drying trend.
  • Guangdong on the Pearl River Delta is the biggest provincial economy in China by economic size and population. It is home to 126 million people and hosts Pearl River Delta Economic Zone and globally-significant ports on the South China Sea. Extreme flooding in Guangdong in 2022 caused an estimated 7.5 billion yuan in direct economic losses (over $1b USD).
  • Projections are for extreme weather events in these regions to intensify in the coming years and the capital of Guangdong, Guangzhou has been estimated to be “the most economically vulnerable city in the world” to sea level rise by 2050 (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 10).

South East Asia

A focus on Aggregated Damage Ratio foregrounds large states and provinces with extensive built-up areas. Other parts of South East Asia rank among the highest in the world both for Average Damage Ratio and for the increase in damage from 1990 to 2050.

Key Findings:

  • There are a number of provinces that rank high for both Aggregated and Average Damage Ratios in 2050. Many of these are in Vietnam, including Hồ Chi Minh City and Mekong Delta provinces like Long An, Vĩnh Long, Bến Tre, and Tiền Giang. The Mekong Delta is less than two metres above sea level on average, is home to 17 million people and produces most of Vietnam’s food.
  • Other South East Asian provinces that rank high for both Aggregated and Average Damage Ratio include Jakarta, West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat) and Southern Sumatra (Sumatra Selatan)
  • South East Asia experiences the greatest escalation in damage from 1990 to 2050. Among the places experiencing the highest percentage increases in damage to 2050 are islands in Mindanao in the Philippines, including the Sulu Archipelago, Tawi-Tawi and Camiguin.

United States

Three states in the US appear in the top 20 of the global ranking of states and provinces in 2050: Florida (10th), California (19th) and Texas (20th) and close to half of all US states are in the top five per cent (top 132) of those most at risk in the world.

Key Findings:

  • Sea level rise is a driving hazard for many states. The US Fourth National Climate Assessment found that sea level rise rates along the Mid-Atlantic Coast were three to four times higher than the global average rate. In the Mid-West, the highest ranking states are those that have both escalating risk from both flood and wildfire.
  • The US has experienced 332 weather and climate related disasters since 1980 where overall damages reached or exceeded US$1 billion with the frequency of these events increasing in recent years. In the last five years, there’s been an average of 18 of these events per year.
  • Florida, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, is the fourth largest state economy in the US, with gross domestic product of over a trillion US dollars. Florida is exposed to a number of climate-exacerbated hazards which are already manifesting, including increased number of extreme heat days, increased risk of wildfire, inland flooding and coastal inundation.
  • The analysis in this ranking does not include additional climate change impacts expected in both Florida and Louisiana, such as escalating human health risk from mosquito-borne viruses.
  • Louisiana is also on the Gulf coast and its major cities are in or beside the Mississippi River Delta. These cities and the coastline have already suffered the impacts of intense rainfall and flooding events, sea level rise and major hurricanes like Rita and Katrina.
  • The analysis confirms the results of California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment which estimated the state would experience US$113 billion in annual direct economic impact from climate change by 2050 without adaptation measures.

United Kingdom

Lincolnshire and Greater London are the UK’s highest-ranking counties, with damage risk for Greater London doubling between 1990 and 2050.

Key Findings:

  • Lincolnshire and Greater London are the UK’s highest-ranking counties, with damage risk for Greater London doubling between 1990 and 2050. For Greater London in particular, the modelling assumes that the Thames barrage may not be able to keep up with rising sea levels and coastal inundation may become coincident with extreme flooding risk.
  • Whilst English counties lead the UK ranking in terms of aggregated damage risk, Scotland sees the most significant increase in damage risk across multiple counties. In half of Scotland’s counties and a quarter of England’s counties, damage from extreme weather events is predicted to more than double between 1990 and 2050.
  • Inverness in Scotland experiences the greatest increase in risk of damage anywhere in Europe, with a more than three-fold increase from 1990 to 2050. Shetland, Ross and Cromarty, Argyll and Bute and Nairn also see significant damage increases on 1990 levels. The highest-ranking Scottish counties occur where flood risk coincides with sea level rise.
  • Most damage in the UK is caused by riverine and surface flooding or flooding combined with coastal inundation.

Oceania

Three Australian states – Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland – rank highest for Aggregated Damage Ratio in the Oceania region.

Key Findings:

  • While the small island states of the Pacific are clearly known to be among the places most at risk from climate change due to rising sea levels and storm activity, the built environment focus of this dataset has highlighted risk in Oceania concentrated in developed and more highly populated areas.
  • Viewed through the lens of risk escalation, several Papua New Guinean provinces rank highest for the increase in Damage Ratio from 1990 to 2050, with Southern Highlands and Gulf provinces experiencing a more than four-fold increase.

Read the full report for more.

For access to the full 2024 XDI Gross Domestic Climate Risk Dataset please contact:
[email protected].

See the full Gross Domestic Climate Risk ranking of 2,600+ territories

The XDI GDCR is the second release in the XDI Benchmark Series, ranking the physical climate risk to the built environment in all states and provinces around the world.

See the full 2,600+ territories below.

FAQs

Some answers to frequently asked questions here.

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How often are climate forecasts and models updated?

Data is regularly reviewed and generally updated in our system once these updates become available and have been evaluated. 

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How many archetypes do you have for residential properties?

XDI has over 130 different archetypes. For residential properties, we have seven archetypes ranging from free-standing single dwellings to high-rise residential buildings.

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Do you provide physical risk assessments for a country?

Yes, XDI is able to provide physical risk assessments for entire countries.

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